![]() 370.īystrov, P.I., Kagan, D.N., Krechetova, G.A., Shpil’rain, E.E., Zhidkometallicheskie teplonositeli teplovykh trub i energeticheskikh ustanovok (Liquid Metal Coolants of Heat Pipes and Power Plants), Moscow: Nauka, 1988.Īssael, M.J., Kalyva, A.E., Antoniadis, K.D., et al., High Temp.-High Pressure, 2012, vol. 649.īelashchenko, D.K., Liquid Metals: From Atomistic Potentials to Properties, Shock Compression, Earth’s Core, and Nanoclusters, Nova Science, 2018.īelashchenko, D.K., Russ. and Ostrovskii, O.I., High Temp., 2009, vol. Gan, X., Xiao, Sh., Deng, H., et al., Fusion Eng. Jacucci, G., Ronchetti, M., and Schirmacher, W., J. Phys., Colloq., 1985, vol. Senda, Y., Shimojo, F., and Hoshino, K., J. Holzhey, Ch., Brouers, F., Franz, J.R., and Schirmacher, W., J. Van der Marel, C., Geertsma, W., and van der Lugt, W., J. Wang, B., Xiao, S., Gan, X., et al., Comput. Soltwisch, M., Quitmann, D., Ruppersberg, H., and Suck, J.B., J. 371.Ĭopestake, A.P., Evans, R., Ruppersberg, H., and Schirmacher, W., J. Mudry, S., Shtablavyi, I., Sklyarchuk, V., and Plevachuk, Yu., J. Zhou, Ch., Guo, C., Li, Ch., and Du, Zh., J. 77.īecker, W., Schwitzgebel, G., and Ruppersberg, H., Z. Metallkd., 1981, vol. Terlicka, S., Dębski, A., and Gąsior, W., J. Tiwari, A., Allison, B., Hohorst, J.K., et al., Fusion Eng. Stankus, S.V., Khairulin, R.A., Mozgovoy, A.G., et al., J. Conf., Bockhoff, K.H., Ed., Antwerp, Belgium, 1982. Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Proc. The diffusion and structural properties of this and other solutions, the Grüneisen coefficients, and the Hugoniot adiabat are also calculated.īlanket, Shield Design, and Material Data Base, ITER Documentation Ser., no. The thermodynamic properties of the Li 17Pb 83 solution are presented in tabular form. ![]() Calculations were performed for several Li–Pb melts at zero pressure and temperatures up to 1000 K, as well as for a Li 17Pb 83 solution under shock compression at temperatures up to 25 000 K and pressures up to 470 MPa. For pairs of 1–2 in Li–Pb solutions (1 is for Li, and 2 is for Pb), a pair potential of the form 8–4 is proposed. The potentials of the pure components and fitted cross pair potentials are used in the calculations, with allowance for the electronic contributions to energy and pressure. The effective particle charges satisfy the electroneutrality condition and are determined via minimization of the total energy. The same model for the 2p electron suggests only about 0.5% of its time inside the shielding.A scheme is proposed for the incorporation of a screened Coulomb interaction into an embedded-atom model, which allows one to describe two- and multicomponent solutions with strong component interaction by the molecular dynamics method. Modeling this situation by dividing the electron's time between perfect shielding and no shielding, the percentage of time inside the shielding is calculated to be about 6% for the 2s electron. If there were no shielding of the 2s electron, it would be exposed to the entire nuclear charge and have energy -30.6 eV. The illustration above uses the hydrogen wavefunctions, which are not exactly correct for lithium but can be used to obtain a qualitative understanding of the dependence of the electron energies on the orbital quantum number. The 2s electron is lowered about 1.7 eV below the n=2 hydrogenic energy level of -3.4 eV which it would have if the shielding were perfect. Both levels penetrate enough to be significantly lower than the n=2 hydrogen energy which they would have if the shielding were perfect. The lithium 2s level is significantly lower than the 2p because of greater penetration past the shielding of the 1s electron. Why do levels vary with orbital quantum number? The ionization potential given by NIST was 5.395 eV. Discrepancies may remain with the other levels. The levels up through the 3d plus the 4p and 4d were rescaled to fit the data in the table of neutral lithium levels from NIST. The general layout here was taken from Rohlf but some discrepancies were found in the lower levels. This is true for high angular momentum states as shown, but the s and p states fall well below the corresponding hydrogen energy levels. Since the outer electron looks inward at just one net positive charge, it could be expected to have energy levels close to those of hydrogen. The lithium atom has a closed n=1 shell with two electrons and then one electron outside. Hydrogen-Like Atoms:Lithium Lithium Energy Levels
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